Clinical Practice Guidelines
BC Emergency Health ServicesCurrent employer clinical guidance and standard-of-care context for out-of-hospital practice in British Columbia.
Fraser Paramedic Society
FPS Clinical Reference
Promoting health and preventing harm through connection and education.
fraserparamedics.comScope and responsibility
FPS Clinical Reference is an educational resource developed by the Fraser Paramedic Society for paramedic students and clinicians.
It is intended to support learning, clinical communication, documentation and medication recognition.
It does not replace clinical judgment, current clinical practice guidelines, employer policies, medical direction, product monographs or local protocols.
Medication doses are provided as common adult examples for recognition and educational purposes only and should not be used as prescribing instructions.
Clinical standards change. Users are responsible for consulting current authoritative guidance.
Privacy
Designed without tracking
No patient information, names, email addresses, search logs, location or device identifiers are collected. Favourites, recent searches and settings remain on your device.
Version
Reference details
- Clinical content
- Version 2.3
- Content date
- September 12, 2026
- Application
- Version 2.3.0
Content provenance
Medication and EMS-call entries are curated educational recognizers—not official frequency rankings. Doses are recognition examples only. Capacity material distinguishes general BC legal principles from employer-specific guidance.
Open source
E05: Abdominal Pain
BC Emergency Health ServicesPrehospital abdominal-pain assessment, recognition of life-threatening causes, symptom management, and physiological support.
Acute mesenteric ischemia: updated guidelines
World Society of Emergency SurgeryEvidence-based recognition, diagnosis, and time-sensitive management of acute mesenteric ischemia.
Management of Abdominal Aorto-Iliac Artery Aneurysms
European Society for Vascular Surgery2024 clinical practice guidance for abdominal aortic and iliac aneurysms, including ruptured aneurysm.
Practice Bulletin No. 193: Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy
American College of Obstetricians and GynecologistsEvidence-based diagnosis and management guidance for tubal ectopic pregnancy.
Guideline for the Management of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes
ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI2025 evidence-based acute coronary syndrome recognition and management guidance.
Appropriateness Criteria: Acute Nonlocalized Abdominal Pain
American College of RadiologyEvidence-based diagnostic context for acute nonlocalized abdominal pain.
FPS Student Clinical Reference
Fraser Paramedic SocietyOriginal presentation, medication-recognition and documentation content supplied for this project.
FPS Clinical Reference editorial additions
Fraser Paramedic SocietyCurated educational entries maintained for Version 2.3; not an official frequency ranking.
CEDIS Presenting Complaint List update
Canadian Association of Emergency PhysiciansPresenting-complaint terminology and categorization context. It does not establish a prehospital “top 100” ranking.
Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2026
Society of Critical Care Medicine and European Society of Intensive Care MedicineContemporary sepsis physiology, perfusion, and hemodynamic context. Hospital treatment recommendations do not replace BCEHS guidance.
Suspected sepsis in people aged 16 or over: recognition, assessment and early management
National Institute for Health and Care ExcellenceRecognition, early assessment, monitoring, risk, and limitations of isolated observations in suspected adult sepsis.
Emergency Medical Services Management of Acute Stroke Patients
Heart & Stroke Foundation of CanadaCanadian evidence-based stroke recognition, prehospital assessment, and systems-of-care context.
Clinical Guidance for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
US Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCarbon monoxide exposure assessment and the limitation of conventional two-wavelength pulse oximetry.
BC PharmaCare Formulary Search
Government of British ColumbiaBC formulary and coverage context; it is not a ranking of the most-prescribed medications.
Drug Product Database
Health CanadaCanadian drug-product, active-ingredient and product-monograph context.
National Prescription Drug Utilization Information System
Canadian Institute for Health InformationCanadian public-drug-program utilization context and methodology limitations.
Health Care (Consent) and Care Facility (Admission) Act
Government of British ColumbiaGeneral BC legal principles for consent and adult capability.
A09: Non-Conveyance & Refusal of Care
BC Emergency Health ServicesEmployer clinical guidance for BCEHS personnel.
A04: Duty of Care
BC Emergency Health ServicesEmployer duty-of-care and refusal guidance, including mature-minor considerations.
World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidance 2020
World Allergy OrganizationPeer-reviewed international guidance on recognizing and managing anaphylaxis.
Clinical Practice Guidelines
Diabetes CanadaCanadian evidence-based guidance for diabetes, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and related emergencies.
Clinical Practice Guideline Summaries
Wilderness Medical SocietyEvidence-based guidance for environmental and wilderness emergencies, including heat, cold, altitude, and drowning.
Multimorbidity: clinical assessment and management
National Institute for Health and Care ExcellenceEvidence-based assessment context for frailty, multimorbidity, treatment burden, and changes from baseline.
Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management
National Institute for Health and Care ExcellenceClinical guidance for recognizing renal risk, oliguria, obstruction, electrolyte complications, and deterioration.
WHO Medical Emergency Checklist
World Health OrganizationA structured emergency assessment framework intended to reduce missed life-threatening conditions.
ASH Clinical Practice Guidelines
American Society of HematologyEvidence-based guidance covering common hematologic emergencies, thrombosis, bleeding disorders, and sickle cell disease.
Pressure ulcers: prevention and management
National Institute for Health and Care ExcellenceEvidence-based risk assessment, recognition, prevention, and management guidance for pressure injuries.
Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence
National Institute for Health and Care ExcellenceEvidence-based psychosocial assessment, safety, communication, and risk-management guidance.
Consolidated guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage
World Health OrganizationCurrent evidence-based guidance for recognition and management of postpartum hemorrhage in healthcare settings.
Care of dying adults in the last days of life
National Institute for Health and Care ExcellenceEvidence-based recognition, communication, symptom-control, hydration, and individualized-care guidance.
Acute Care Committee statements and practice points
Canadian Paediatric SocietyCanadian pediatric emergency guidance and peer-reviewed clinical practice statements.
Guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings
British Thoracic SocietyPeer-reviewed guidance for oxygen assessment, targets, delivery, and monitoring in acute illness.
Guidelines for establishing a poison centre
World Health OrganizationClinical toxicology context for time-critical poisoning, supportive care, consultation, and poison-centre expertise.
Major trauma: assessment and initial management
National Institute for Health and Care ExcellenceEvidence-based initial assessment, hemorrhage control, imaging, and trauma-system guidance.
A01: Clinical Approach
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for clinical approach.
A02: Patient Assessment
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for patient assessment.
A04: Duty of Care
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for duty of care.
A07: Oxygen Administration
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for oxygen administration.
A10: Sexual Assault
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for sexual assault.
A13: Patient Care Planning for Handover
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for patient care planning for handover.
B01: Airway Management
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for airway management.
B02: Airway Obstruction
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for airway obstruction.
B03: Asthma and Bronchospasm
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for asthma and bronchospasm.
B04: Croup and Epiglottitis
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for croup and epiglottitis.
B05: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
B06: Pulmonary Embolism
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for pulmonary embolism.
C01: Acute Coronary Syndrome
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for acute coronary syndrome.
C02: Bradycardia
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for bradycardia.
C03: Narrow Complex Tachycardia
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for narrow complex tachycardia.
C04: Wide Complex Tachycardia
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for wide complex tachycardia.
C05: Acute Aortic Dissection
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for acute aortic dissection.
C06: Acute Pulmonary Edema
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for acute pulmonary edema.
D01: Shock
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for shock.
D02: Bleeding
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for bleeding.
E01: Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
E02: Adrenal Crisis
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for adrenal crisis.
E03: Hyperkalemia
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for hyperkalemia.
E04: Dialysis Emergencies
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for dialysis emergencies.
E05: Abdominal Pain
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for abdominal pain.
E06: Non-Traumatic Back Pain
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for non-traumatic back pain.
E07: Nausea and Vomiting
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for nausea and vomiting.
E08: Pain Management
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for pain management.
E09: Anaphylaxis
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for anaphylaxis.
E10: Minor Allergy
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for minor allergy.
E11: Epistaxis
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for epistaxis.
F01: Altered Levels of Consciousness
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for altered levels of consciousness.
F02: Seizures
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for seizures.
F03: Stroke
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for stroke.
F04: Headache
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for headache.
G01: Behavioral Emergencies
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for behavioral emergencies.
G02: Mental Health Conditions
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for mental health conditions.
H01: Principles of Major Trauma
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for principles of major trauma.
H03: Head Trauma
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for head trauma.
H04: Eye Injuries
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for eye injuries.
H05: Spinal Cord and Neck Trauma
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for spinal cord and neck trauma.
H06: Chest Trauma
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for chest trauma.
H07: Abdominal Trauma
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for abdominal trauma.
H08: Pelvic Trauma
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for pelvic trauma.
H09: Extremity Trauma
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for extremity trauma.
H10: Burns
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for burns.
H12: Drowning
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for drowning.
H13: Soft Tissue Trauma
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for soft tissue trauma.
I01: Hypothermia
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for hypothermia.
I02: Hyperthermia
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for hyperthermia.
J01: Approach to Chemical or Toxic Exposures
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for approach to chemical or toxic exposures.
J02: Carbon Monoxide
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for carbon monoxide.
J12: Opioids
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for opioids.
K01: Infectious Diseases (General)
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for infectious diseases (general).
K02: Sepsis
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for sepsis.
K03: Influenza-Like Illness (COVID-19)
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for influenza-like illness (covid-19).
L01: Maternity (General)
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for maternity (general).
L02: Normal Labour and Delivery
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for normal labour and delivery.
L05: Maternal Vaginal Bleeding (< 20 Weeks)
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for maternal vaginal bleeding (< 20 weeks).
L06: Maternal Vaginal Bleeding (> 20 Weeks)
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for maternal vaginal bleeding (> 20 weeks).
L09: Postpartum Hemorrhage
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for postpartum hemorrhage.
M00: Pediatrics - General
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for pediatrics - general.
M03: Pediatrics - Respiratory Emergencies
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for pediatrics - respiratory emergencies.
M04: Pediatrics - Neurological Emergencies
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for pediatrics - neurological emergencies.
M09: Neonatal Resuscitation
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for neonatal resuscitation.
N01: Peri-Arrest Management
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for peri-arrest management.
N02: Adult Cardiac Arrest
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for adult cardiac arrest.
N03: Return of Spontaneous Circulation
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for return of spontaneous circulation.
P01: Palliative Care - General
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for palliative care - general.
P03: Palliative Care - Pain
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for palliative care - pain.
P04: Palliative Care - Dyspnea
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for palliative care - dyspnea.
P05: Palliative Care - Nausea
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for palliative care - nausea.
P07: Palliative Care - End of Life
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for palliative care - end of life.
R03: Recognition of Life Extinct
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for recognition of life extinct.
R04: Advance Directives, MOST, and No CPR Orders
BC Emergency Health Services HandbookOfficial BCEHS clinical practice guidance for advance directives, most, and no cpr orders.
World guidelines for falls prevention and management for older adults: a global initiative
Age and Ageing · 2022Fall-risk assessment, injury review, multifactorial contributors, and prevention in older adults.
2021 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain
Circulation · 2021Structured chest-pain assessment, early ECG, risk stratification, and dangerous alternate diagnoses.
Acute dyspnea in the emergency department: a clinical review
Internal and Emergency Medicine · 2023Differential-led assessment of acute dyspnea, respiratory effort, gas exchange, and time-sensitive causes.
Nonspecific complaints in the emergency department: a systematic review
Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine · 2020Risk of serious underlying disease and the importance of broad assessment in nonspecific presentations.
ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Acute Nonlocalized Abdominal Pain
Journal of the American College of Radiology · 2018Evidence-based diagnostic context for undifferentiated acute abdominal pain and serious pathology.
Current Trends for Delirium Screening within the Emergency Department
Medicina · 2023Recognition of delirium, serial cognition assessment, and the need to search for underlying physiological causes.
2017 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Syncope
Circulation · 2017History, examination, ECG, risk features, and cardiovascular causes of syncope.
Efficacy and Safety of Pharmacologic Therapies for Nausea and Emesis in the Emergency Department
Annals of Emergency Medicine · 2025Systematic review of emergency-department antiemetic evidence and symptom management.
Prehospital Stroke Triage
Neurology · 2021Prehospital recognition, stroke severity, destination decisions, and time-sensitive systems of care.
Adult and Pediatric Special Circumstances of Resuscitation: 2025 AHA Guidelines
Circulation · 2025Evidence-based resuscitation considerations for poisoning and other reversible special circumstances.
Suicide in young people: screening, risk assessment, and intervention
BMJ · 2023Direct suicide enquiry, risk assessment, safety planning, and trauma-informed communication.
Emergency management of epileptic seizures: a consensus statement
Emergencias · 2020Emergency seizure assessment, reversible causes, status epilepticus recognition, and initial management.
Guidelines for Enhanced Recovery After Trauma and Intensive Care: Initial Care
World Journal of Surgery · 2025Initial trauma assessment, hemorrhage recognition, resuscitation, and time-sensitive injury care.
Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Fourth Edition
Neurosurgery · 2017Prevention of secondary brain injury and evidence-based severe traumatic brain injury care.
Low Back Pain in the Emergency Department: Serious Pathologies and Diagnostic Accuracy of Red Flags
American Journal of Emergency Medicine · 2020Systematic review of red flags and time-sensitive spinal, vascular, infectious, and malignant causes.
Guidelines for the acute care of severe limb trauma
Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine · 2021Neurovascular assessment, hemorrhage control, limb-threatening injury, analgesia, and transport priorities.
Pelvic trauma: WSES classification and guidelines
World Journal of Emergency Surgery · 2017Hemorrhage risk, pelvic instability, physiological assessment, and management of pelvic trauma.
Traumatic hemorrhage and chain of survival
Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine · 2023Early hemorrhage recognition, direct bleeding control, perfusion assessment, and trauma-system response.
Identification of adults with sepsis in the prehospital environment: a systematic review
BMJ Open · 2016Prehospital recognition of infection-related organ dysfunction and limitations of individual screening findings.
GRACE-3: Acute dizziness and vertigo in the emergency department
Academic Emergency Medicine · 2023Evidence-based bedside assessment of acute dizziness and recognition of central causes including stroke.
Clinical Policy: Critical Issues in the Evaluation and Management of Adult Patients With Acute Headache
Annals of Emergency Medicine · 2019Red flags, subarachnoid hemorrhage evaluation, and risk-based assessment of acute headache.
2017 IDSA Clinical Practice Guidelines for Infectious Diarrhea
Clinical Infectious Diseases · 2017Assessment of dehydration, severe infection, exposure risk, and complications of acute diarrhea.
ACG Clinical Guideline: Upper Gastrointestinal and Ulcer Bleeding
American Journal of Gastroenterology · 2021Risk assessment, hemodynamic compromise, transfusion context, and urgent management of upper GI bleeding.
Emergency treatment of hypoglycaemia: a guideline and evidence review
Diabetic Medicine · 2017Evidence behind oral glucose, intravenous dextrose, glucagon, reassessment, and recurrent-risk evaluation.
Management of Hyperglycemic Crises: Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State
Medical Clinics of North America · 2017DKA and HHS physiology, dehydration, electrolyte disturbance, triggers, and emergency priorities.
Tachyarrhythmias and Bradyarrhythmias: Differential Diagnosis and Initial Management
Medical Clinics of North America · 2017Rhythm-based differential diagnosis and initial assessment of symptomatic tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias.
Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema in Emergency Medicine
Advances in Respiratory Medicine · 2023Recognition, respiratory support, preload/afterload physiology, and emergency treatment of cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Evaluation and Management of Asthma and COPD Exacerbation in the Emergency Department
Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America · 2022Differentiation, severity assessment, oxygenation, ventilation, and acute exacerbation management.
Evaluation and Management of Asthma and COPD Exacerbation in the Emergency Department
Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America · 2022Severity assessment, work of breathing, silent chest, fatigue, and evidence-based acute asthma management.
EAACI guidelines: Anaphylaxis (2021 update)
Allergy · 2022Anaphylaxis recognition, first-line epinephrine, observation, and distinction from less severe allergic reactions.
Adult Advanced Life Support: 2025 AHA Guidelines for CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care
Circulation · 2025Adult cardiac arrest algorithms, reversible causes, defibrillation, medications, and post-arrest transition.
Evaluation and Management of Airway Foreign Bodies in the Emergency Department Setting
Journal of Emergency Medicine · 2023Recognition and management of partial or complete foreign-body airway obstruction.
Hypertensive emergencies and urgencies in emergency departments: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Journal of Hypertension · 2020Differentiation of severe asymptomatic hypertension from acute hypertension-mediated organ injury.
Circulatory shock in adults in the emergency department
Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine · 2023Shock classification, perfusion assessment, serial hemodynamics, and cause-directed emergency management.
Alcohol intoxication in emergency medicine
Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin · 2019Assessment of intoxication severity, airway risk, hypoglycemia, trauma, co-ingestion, and withdrawal.
Management of Acetaminophen Poisoning in the US and Canada: A Consensus Statement
JAMA Network Open · 2023A model for poison-specific history, risk stratification, consultation, testing, and time-sensitive antidotal care.
Prehospital and Emergency Management
Surgical Clinics of North America · 2023Initial burn assessment, airway risk, burn size/depth, fluid considerations, analgesia, and referral.
Urologic Emergencies
Medical Clinics of North America · 2018Recognition of urinary obstruction, infection, retention, hematuria, and other time-sensitive urologic conditions.
EAU Guidelines on Diagnosis and Conservative Management of Urolithiasis
European Urology · 2016Renal-colic diagnosis, analgesia, obstructed infection, renal risk, and urgent urologic features.
Uterotonic Drugs in Prehospital Deliveries: A Systematic Review
Healthcare · 2025Prehospital birth and postpartum-hemorrhage evidence, with emphasis on maternal bleeding risk and escalation.
ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 193: Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy
Obstetrics & Gynecology · 2018Pregnancy testing context, ectopic pregnancy risk, hemorrhage recognition, and urgent assessment of early-pregnancy bleeding.
Evaluation and Management of Well-Appearing Febrile Infants 8 to 60 Days Old
Pediatrics · 2021Age-specific risk assessment and recognition of serious bacterial infection in febrile infants.
Pediatric Respiratory Emergencies
Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America · 2016Work of breathing, pediatric respiratory failure, common causes, airway support, and reassessment.
Clinical Practice Guideline: Nosebleed (Epistaxis)
Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery · 2020Structured epistaxis assessment, compression, packing context, risk factors, and escalation.
Venous thromboembolism
The Lancet · 2021DVT and pulmonary embolism risk factors, clinical assessment, diagnosis, and treatment context.
United States Best Practice Guidelines for Primary Palliative Care in the Emergency Department
Annals of Emergency Medicine · 2021Palliative-needs screening, symptom management, goals of care, communication, and transitions.
Society of Critical Care Medicine Guidelines for the Treatment of Heat Stroke
Critical Care Medicine · 2025Rapid recognition, immediate cooling, temperature monitoring, and organ-support priorities in heat stroke.
Guidelines for Enhanced Recovery After Trauma and Intensive Care: Initial Care
World Journal of Surgery · 2025Trauma assessment, occult injury, hemorrhage, analgesia, and safe trauma-system disposition after assault.
2024 AHA/AAP Focused Update: Resuscitation Following Drowning
Circulation · 2024Ventilation-first drowning resuscitation, oxygenation, hypothermia, and post-resuscitation considerations.
Nonspecific Complaints in Older Emergency Department Patients
Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · 2023Baseline function, frailty, atypical serious illness, polypharmacy, and broad assessment of functional decline.
Adult Advanced Life Support: 2025 AHA Guidelines for CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care
Circulation · 2025Assessment and management of symptomatic bradycardia and peri-arrest deterioration.
Transvenous Pacemaker Placement: A Review for Emergency Clinicians
Journal of Emergency Medicine · 2024Pacing indications, capture and sensing, complications, and emergency assessment of pacing failure.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · 2019Pneumonia diagnosis, severity, respiratory compromise, and evidence-based management context.
High risk and low incidence diseases: Massive hemoptysis
American Journal of Emergency Medicine · 2024Airway protection, bleeding severity, differential diagnosis, and urgent management of life-threatening hemoptysis.
Evaluation and Management of Airway Foreign Bodies in the Emergency Department Setting
Journal of Emergency Medicine · 2023Upper-airway obstruction assessment, foreign-body clues, airway planning, and deterioration risk.
Venous thromboembolism
The Lancet · 2021Pulmonary embolism risk, pleuritic symptoms, DVT findings, hemodynamic compromise, and diagnostic context.
Prehospital Stroke Triage
Neurology · 2021Focal deficit recognition, last-known-well, stroke severity, mimics, and destination decisions.
Current Trends for Delirium Screening within the Emergency Department
Medicina · 2023Attention testing, baseline comparison, precipitant search, safety, and serial delirium assessment.
Movement Disorders Emergencies
Seminars in Neurology · 2019Recognition of acute movement-disorder emergencies, medication effects, mimics, and initial management.
Visual symptoms in acute stroke: a systematic review of observational studies
Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · 2023Visual-field loss, diplopia, ocular-motor findings, and stroke as a time-sensitive cause of acute visual symptoms.
Cervical spine immobilisation following blunt trauma: a systematic review
PLOS ONE · 2024Evidence and uncertainty around cervical motion restriction after blunt trauma.
Chest trauma: First 48 hours management
Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine · 2017Recognition and early management of pneumothorax, hemothorax, flail chest, and respiratory compromise.
Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST)
Journal of Medical Ultrasound · 2023Occult intra-abdominal bleeding, serial physiology, and diagnostic context after abdominal trauma.
Early management of adult traumatic spinal cord injury in patients with polytrauma
World Journal of Emergency Surgery · 2024Consensus recommendations for spinal-cord injury recognition, perfusion, airway, and early trauma care.
Guidelines for the acute care of severe limb trauma
Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine · 2021Soft-tissue damage, neurovascular compromise, hemorrhage, pain, and limb-threatening injury assessment.
Identification of adults with sepsis in the prehospital environment: a systematic review
BMJ Open · 2016Prehospital sepsis recognition, screening-tool limitations, organ dysfunction, and serial perfusion assessment.
Canadian Emergency Department Best Practices Checklist for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: Cellulitis
CJEM · 2024Cellulitis recognition, mimics, severity, systemic illness, and evidence-based emergency care.
From Rash Decisions to Critical Conditions: Dermatological Presentations in Emergency Departments
Diagnostics · 2025Systematic review of emergency skin presentations and high-risk features requiring urgent recognition.
Emergency department evaluation and management of constipation
Emergency Medicine Practice · 2024Constipation, fecal impaction, obstruction and perforation red flags, and emergency assessment.
The assessment of dysphagia after stroke: state of the art and future directions
The Lancet Neurology · 2023Swallow safety, aspiration risk, neurologic causes, and structured dysphagia assessment.
Arteriovenous Access for Hemodialysis: A Review
JAMA · 2024Dialysis-access assessment, thrombosis, infection, hemorrhage, and access preservation.
Clinical Significance, Differential Diagnosis and Initial Management of Hematuria
Cureus · 2025Differential diagnosis, clot retention, infection, trauma, anticoagulation, and initial hematuria assessment.
Diagnosis and Management of Hyponatremia: A Review
JAMA · 2022Neurologic manifestations, volume status, diagnostic reasoning, and risks of severe sodium disturbance.
Adrenal insufficiency
Nature Reviews Disease Primers · 2021Adrenal-crisis physiology, triggers, hypotension, electrolyte and glucose abnormalities, and emergency therapy.
2020 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Management of Bleeding in Patients on Oral Anticoagulants
Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2020Bleeding severity, medication history, reversal context, hemodynamic support, and urgent disposition.
Guidelines for emergencies and critical illness in patients with sickle cell disease
Annals of Intensive Care · 2025Vaso-occlusive pain, acute chest syndrome, infection, anemia, and emergency management priorities.
Management of opioid use disorder: 2024 update to the national clinical practice guideline
CMAJ · 2024Canadian evidence-based withdrawal assessment, buprenorphine context, harm reduction, and linkage to care.
Emergency department management of methamphetamine toxicity
Emergency Medicine Practice · 2023Agitation, hyperthermia, cardiovascular toxicity, rhabdomyolysis risk, and supportive emergency care.
Recognition and acute management of patients with panic attacks in the emergency department
Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America · 2000Panic-attack recognition after excluding dangerous medical causes, communication, and acute management.
Management of the Agitated Patient
Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America · 2024Medical causes, verbal de-escalation, safety, monitoring, and proportionate management of acute agitation.
Psychosocial interventions for survivors of rape and sexual assault experienced during adulthood
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · 2023Trauma-informed support, autonomy, psychological care, and avoidance of retraumatization after sexual assault.
Postdelivery Emergencies
Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America · 2019Postpartum hemorrhage, hypertensive emergencies, infection, cardiopulmonary complications, and warning symptoms.
ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 193: Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy
Obstetrics & Gynecology · 2018Ectopic-pregnancy risk, pain and bleeding patterns, hemorrhagic shock, and urgent diagnosis.
2024 International Consensus on CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science
Circulation · 2024Neonatal transition, resuscitation, ventilation, temperature, glucose, and evidence-based newborn emergency care.
Best practices for the management of febrile seizures in children
Italian Journal of Pediatrics · 2024Febrile-seizure recognition, assessment, management, and differentiation from dangerous causes.
The Use of Experts to Evaluate a Child Abuse Guideline in Community Emergency Departments
Academic Pediatrics · 2021Structured recognition, documentation, expert consultation, and safeguarding pathways for suspected maltreatment.
Providing care for older adults in the Emergency Department: expert clinical recommendations
European Geriatric Medicine · 2022Frailty, baseline function, delirium, falls, polypharmacy, caregiver needs, and person-centred emergency care.
Nonspecific Complaints in Older Emergency Department Patients
Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · 2023Collateral history, baseline function, social supports, caregiver strain, and occult serious illness.
United States Best Practice Guidelines for Primary Palliative Care in the Emergency Department
Annals of Emergency Medicine · 2021Assessment and relief of pain, dyspnea, nausea, delirium, goals of care, and safe transitions.
S2k guideline diagnosis and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning
German Medical Science · 2021CO exposure recognition, co-oximetry, oxygen therapy, neurologic risk, and consultation for hyperbaric care.
Chemical eye injury: pathophysiology, assessment and management
Eye · 2020Immediate decontamination and irrigation principles, exposure assessment, and time-sensitive chemical injury care.
Animal Bites and Attacks
Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America · 2024Wound assessment, hemorrhage, infection, rabies/tetanus context, and envenomation considerations.
Hereditary Angioedema
Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America · 2022Airway-focused assessment and differentiation of histamine- and bradykinin-mediated angioedema.
2024 AGIHO guideline on fever in adult neutropenic patients
Lancet Regional Health Europe · 2025Febrile-neutropenia risk, time-sensitive infection assessment, organ dysfunction, and empiric-treatment urgency.
Approach to Transplant Infectious Diseases in the Emergency Department
Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America · 2018Atypical infection, immunosuppression, graft complications, medication interactions, and early specialist contact.
Complication Rates of Central Venous Catheters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
JAMA Internal Medicine · 2024Mechanical, infectious, thrombotic, and bleeding complications of central venous devices.
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery complications: a review for emergency clinicians
American Journal of Emergency Medicine · 2018A structured model for recognizing time-sensitive bleeding, infection, cardiopulmonary, and wound complications after surgery.
Management of serotonin syndrome (toxicity)
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · 2025Medication reconciliation, toxidrome recognition, autonomic and neuromuscular findings, and supportive toxicity care.
Emergency department interventions for homelessness: a systematic review
CJEM · 2021Trauma-informed care, social-needs assessment, case management, housing linkage, and safe discharge planning.
United States Best Practice Guidelines for Primary Palliative Care in the Emergency Department
Annals of Emergency Medicine · 2021Goals of care, advance planning, family communication, symptom relief, and transitions at end of life.