All EMS presentations
NeurologicClinical presentation

Stroke / TIA

A streamlined, differential-led presentation for rapid clinical review.

Clinical snapshot

Twenty-second review

  • Stroke causes sudden focal brain dysfunction through arterial occlusion or hemorrhage; TIA produces transient deficits without excluding imminent stroke risk.
  • Persistent focal deficit, large-vessel signs, severe headache, seizure, anticoagulation, vomiting, or declining GCS requires time-critical stroke evaluation.
  • Keep hypoglycemia or seizure in the differential; overlapping or concurrent illness remains possible.
  • For stroke / tia, trends and combinations of findings are more informative than one isolated vital sign.
Differentials

Compare the clinical patterns

The repeated material is grouped inside each possibility. Open only the condition you need.

Serious1 condition
Intracranial hemorrhageTime-sensitive high-risk possibility

HPI

Clarify exact last-known-well; first deficit noticed; face/arm/leg weakness, speech, vision, neglect/ataxia.

Signs & symptoms

Severe headache, vomiting, very high BP, anticoagulation, seizure, or reduced consciousness.

Focused exam

Record GCS components, pupils, speech, gaze, motor symmetry, sensation, coordination, and gait when safe; Compare findings with baseline and collateral history.

Brief pathophysiology

Intracranial hemorrhage may cause stroke / tia through a time-sensitive process capable of rapid physiological deterioration.

Vital-sign pattern

What the trend may show

Possible pattern

Hemorrhage is a trend diagnosis: tachycardia and narrowing pulse pressure may precede hypotension. Age, pregnancy, medications, and pacing can blunt expected responses.

Heart rate (bpm)

Often rises

Tachycardia is a common compensatory response but may be absent.

Pulse pressure (mmHg)

May narrow

Narrowing pulse pressure can reflect reduced stroke volume.

Blood pressure (mmHg)

May fall late

A normal pressure does not exclude significant compensated hemorrhage.

MAP (mmHg)

May fall

A falling trend supports worsening perfusion; interpret with mental status and skin signs.

Front-load in the triage report

  • Intracranial hemorrhage: Severe headache, vomiting, very high BP, anticoagulation, seizure, or reduced consciousness.
  • Exact last-known-well.
  • First deficit noticed.
Common2 conditions
Ischemic strokeCommon presentation pattern

HPI

Clarify exact last-known-well; first deficit noticed; face/arm/leg weakness, speech, vision, neglect/ataxia.

Signs & symptoms

Sudden focal deficit with a vascular pattern and defined last-known-well.

Focused exam

Record GCS components, pupils, speech, gaze, motor symmetry, sensation, coordination, and gait when safe; Compare findings with baseline and collateral history.

Brief pathophysiology

Ischemic stroke may explain the presenting symptoms through a common clinical mechanism, while serial assessment checks for complications or an alternate cause.

Vital-sign pattern

What the trend may show

Possible pattern

Stroke is a clinical diagnosis supported by time course and neurologic findings. Blood pressure and glucose affect eligibility and mimics; normal vitals do not exclude stroke.

Blood pressure (mmHg)

Often elevated

Hypertension is common in acute stroke; hypotension suggests another cause or poor perfusion.

Blood glucose (mmol/L)

Check every patient

Hypoglycemia can mimic focal deficit; hyperglycemia may accompany stress or diabetes.

Heart rate (bpm)

Assess rate / rhythm

An irregular rhythm may suggest atrial fibrillation but is not required.

Oxygen saturation (SpO₂)

Usually preserved

Hypoxemia requires correction and may indicate aspiration or another process.

Front-load in the triage report

  • Sudden focal deficit with a vascular pattern and defined last-known-well.
  • Exact last-known-well.
  • First deficit noticed.
TIACommon presentation pattern

HPI

Clarify first deficit noticed; face/arm/leg weakness, speech, vision, neglect/ataxia; persistent or resolved.

Signs & symptoms

Sudden focal deficit with a vascular pattern and defined last-known-well.

Focused exam

Compare findings with baseline and collateral history; Perform a standardized stroke screen, document last-known-well, gaze, speech, neglect, limb power, sensation, coordination, and baseline deficits.

Brief pathophysiology

TIA may explain the presenting symptoms through a common clinical mechanism, while serial assessment checks for complications or an alternate cause.

Vital-sign pattern

What the trend may show

Possible pattern

Stroke is a clinical diagnosis supported by time course and neurologic findings. Blood pressure and glucose affect eligibility and mimics; normal vitals do not exclude stroke.

Blood pressure (mmHg)

Often elevated

Hypertension is common in acute stroke; hypotension suggests another cause or poor perfusion.

Blood glucose (mmol/L)

Check every patient

Hypoglycemia can mimic focal deficit; hyperglycemia may accompany stress or diabetes.

Heart rate (bpm)

Assess rate / rhythm

An irregular rhythm may suggest atrial fibrillation but is not required.

Oxygen saturation (SpO₂)

Usually preserved

Hypoxemia requires correction and may indicate aspiration or another process.

Front-load in the triage report

  • Sudden focal deficit with a vascular pattern and defined last-known-well.
  • First deficit noticed.
  • Face/arm/leg weakness, speech, vision, neglect/ataxia.
Mimics2 conditions
HypoglycemiaImportant alternative presentation

HPI

Clarify exact last-known-well; first deficit noticed; face/arm/leg weakness, speech, vision, neglect/ataxia.

Signs & symptoms

Glucose abnormality or postictal deficit can mimic stroke and may coexist.

Focused exam

Record GCS components, pupils, speech, gaze, motor symmetry, sensation, coordination, and gait when safe; Compare findings with baseline and collateral history.

Brief pathophysiology

Hypoglycemia can resemble stroke / tia through overlapping symptoms or referred physiology despite a different primary mechanism.

Vital-sign pattern

What the trend may show

Possible pattern

Confirm low capillary glucose and reassess after treatment. Adrenergic signs may be absent in recurrent hypoglycemia or blunted by medications.

Blood glucose (mmol/L)

< 4.0 mmol/L

BCEHS defines hypoglycemia as blood glucose below 4.0 mmol/L.

Heart rate (bpm)

May rise

Adrenergic activation commonly produces tachycardia, but this is not universal.

Blood pressure (mmHg)

Often preserved

Blood pressure is not a reliable discriminator; hypotension suggests another or additional process.

Temperature (°C)

May fall

Hypothermia can accompany prolonged or severe hypoglycemia.

Front-load in the triage report

  • Glucose abnormality or postictal deficit can mimic stroke and may coexist.
  • Exact last-known-well.
  • First deficit noticed.
SeizureImportant alternative presentation

HPI

Clarify first deficit noticed; face/arm/leg weakness, speech, vision, neglect/ataxia; persistent or resolved.

Signs & symptoms

Glucose abnormality or postictal deficit can mimic stroke and may coexist.

Focused exam

Compare findings with baseline and collateral history; Perform a standardized stroke screen, document last-known-well, gaze, speech, neglect, limb power, sensation, coordination, and baseline deficits.

Brief pathophysiology

Seizure can resemble stroke / tia through overlapping symptoms or referred physiology despite a different primary mechanism.

Vital-sign pattern

What the trend may show

Possible pattern

Transient tachycardia and hypoxemia can follow a generalized seizure. Persistent abnormality, fever, recurrent activity, or failure to recover should prompt a search for the cause and complications.

Heart rate (bpm)

Often rises transiently

Autonomic activation commonly causes postictal tachycardia.

Oxygen saturation (SpO₂)

May fall transiently

Apnea, obstruction, or hypoventilation can lower saturation.

Blood glucose (mmol/L)

Check early

Hypoglycemia can provoke or mimic seizure; hyperglycemia may be a stress response.

Temperature (°C)

May rise

A brief rise may follow seizure; fever raises concern for infection or a provoking illness.

Front-load in the triage report

  • Glucose abnormality or postictal deficit can mimic stroke and may coexist.
  • First deficit noticed.
  • Face/arm/leg weakness, speech, vision, neglect/ataxia.
Red flags

Findings that should escalate concern

  • Persistent focal deficit, large-vessel signs, severe headache, seizure, anticoagulation, vomiting, or declining GCS requires time-critical stroke evaluation.
  • Intracranial hemorrhage: Severe headache, vomiting, very high BP, anticoagulation, seizure, or reduced consciousness.
Related medications

Medication recognition

ApixabanRivaroxabanClopidogrelWarfarin
Related EMS presentations

Continue the clinical pathway

CardiacSyncope / presyncopeNeurologicSeizureNeurologicHeadacheEndocrine/MetabolicHypoglycemiaNeurologicNew focal neurologic deficitNeurologicAcute visual complaint
References

Clinical and academic sources

Curated clinical guidance and peer-reviewed evidence supporting this presentation. Current BCEHS guidance, medical direction, and local policy remain authoritative for practice.

BCEHS Handbook — specific CPGs

  1. F03: StrokeBC Emergency Health Services Handbook

    Official BCEHS clinical practice guidance for stroke.

Supporting clinical and academic evidence

  1. CEDIS Presenting Complaint List updateCanadian Association of Emergency Physicians

    Presenting-complaint terminology and categorization context. It does not establish a prehospital “top 100” ranking.

  2. Emergency Medical Services Management of Acute Stroke PatientsHeart & Stroke Foundation of Canada

    Canadian evidence-based stroke recognition, prehospital assessment, and systems-of-care context.

  3. WHO Medical Emergency ChecklistWorld Health Organization

    A structured emergency assessment framework intended to reduce missed life-threatening conditions.

  4. Prehospital Stroke TriageNeurology · 2021

    Prehospital recognition, stroke severity, destination decisions, and time-sensitive systems of care.